Pulse Oximetry

Key Values & Ranges

Key values and ranges relevant to pulse oximetry in prehospital care:

Historical Context

The modern EMS system in the United States traces to the 1966 "Accidental Death and Disability" white paper (NAS/NRC). Understanding of pulse oximetry has advanced significantly with evidence-based protocols. The NREMT, founded in 1970, standardized certification levels. Current ACLS and PALS guidelines are updated every 5 years by the AHA based on the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) evidence review.

Regulatory Context

Regulatory context for pulse oximetry includes federal and state requirements. Healthcare facilities must comply with CMS Conditions of Participation, state licensure requirements, and accreditation standards (Joint Commission or AAAHC). Non-compliance can result in citations, fines, or loss of Medicare/Medicaid reimbursement.

Overview

Non-invasive SpO2 measurement. Normal 95–100%. Below 94% requires intervention. Pulse oximetry interpretation and limitations tested on EMT, Paramedic, MA, and CNA exams.

In prehospital assessment, blood glucose reference range: adult 70-140 mg/dL, pediatric 60-100 mg/dL (neonates lower). Deviations from these norms guide treatment decisions in the field.

Documentation

Documentation of pulse oximetry in the patient care report (PCR) must include: time of assessment, findings, interventions performed, patient response, and reassessment findings. Use objective, measurable terms like "patient reports 8/10 chest pain" rather than "patient in pain." Document pertinent negatives. All medications administered must include drug name, dose, route, time, and patient response.